Soc Psych Weekly Quiz

Chapter 1
1. The definition of social psychology being "a discipline that uses scientific methods in an attempt to understand and explain how the
thought, feeling, and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others," was stated by
_____________.
A) John Watson       B) B.F. Skinner       C) Gordon Allport       D) Jean Piaget

2. In most cases, our social world beliefs are best characterized as being embedded within a __________________.
A) functional psychology       B) naïve psychology       C) structured psychology       D) all of the above

3. The central focus of psychological social psychology tends ______________.
A) to be on the larger group.       B) to be on the individual and how she or he responds to social situations.       C) to explain societal-based
problems as poverty, crime, and deviance.       D) none of the above

4. Stanley Milgram researched the influence of authority on ______________ and ______________ on theindividual.
A) obedience; conformity b. c. d.       B) power; deception       C) hostility; deceptive       D) hostility; conformity

5. ______________ social psychology downplays the importance of individual differences and the effects of immediate social stimuli on
behavior.
A) Biological       B) Psychological       C) Anthropological       D) Sociological

6. During the time of World War II, Kurt Lewin believed that social psychology could be both a(n) ___________ science and a(n)
____________ science.
A) pure; applied       B) pure; pragmatic       C) pragmatic; applied       D) practical; impractical

7. Social psychology largely arose in _________________.
A) Canada       B) the United States       C) Eastern Asia       D) Northern Europe

8. Individualism is characterized by ______________.
A) the desire to be influenced by others       B) tight-knit social relationships       C) communal ownership     D) none of the above

9. ___________ includes the ideas and thoughts that we have about ourselves with regard to social behavior and our influence over it.
A) Self-reward       B) Self-concept       C) Selfishness       D) Self-thought

10. The principle of natural selection within evolutionary theory would conclude that aggressive behaviors have______________.
A) been selected by the individual       B) little value       C) survival value       D) caused most of our problems

11. Soloman Asch studied the influence of group behavior and the power of ______________ on individuals and their judgments.
A) positive thinking       B) obedience       C) persuasion       D) all of the above

12. Social neuroscience is studying biological factors (neural processes) that influence ______________ behaviors.
A) social       B) romantic       C) aggressive       D) social and psychological

13. The first empirical social-psychological study was performed by _________.
A) William McDougall       B) Soloman Asch       C) Norman Triplett       D) Stanley Milgram

14. A philosophy of life that stresses the priority of group needs over individual needs is termed ______________.
A) individuation       B) socialization       C) materialization       D) collectivism

15. Interactionism studies the combined effects of both the __________ and the _____________ on human behavior.
A) situation; context       B) situation; philosophy       C) situation; person       D) prosody; self

Chapter 2
1. Scientific inquiry aims to _______________ the forces that shape our physical and social world.
A) understand       B) predict       C) control       D) all of the above.

2. Applied research is designed to __________________________________.
A) understand the history and systems of psychology
B) increase the understanding of and solutions to real-world problems
C) gather knowledge about psychological issues
D) develop general theories concerning human behavior

3. An organized system of ideas that seeks to explain two or more events is termed a(n) ___________.
A) hypothesis       B) basic idea       C) theory       D) implication theory

4. Of the three central research methods (observational, correlational, and experimental), __________________ is the only one that can
demonstrate causality.
A) observational       B) correlational       C) experimental       D) they all demonstrate cause and effect

5. A statistical measure of the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two variables is called the _____________.
A) correlation coefficient       B) scientific correlation number       C) coefficient of variables       D) linear coefficient

6. _____________ is the type of research that utilizes existing records such as marriage certificates and census data to reveal findings.
A) archival research       B) case study       C) survey research       D) systematic observation

7. When conducting surveys, representative samples are obtained through __________.
A) whatever populations are available       B) random selection       C) discriminatory selection       D) none of the above

8. Polling organizations seek to minimize the amount of sampling _________ to ensure that their findings generalize to the overall population.
A) distribution       B) discrimination       C) error       D) randomization

9. If an experimenter seeks to find the effects of sugar on aggressive behavior and manipulates the amount of sugar the participating subjects
receive, the sugar is the _____________.
A) dependent variable       B) independent variable       C) correlational variable          D) internal variable

10. When the findings of a study generalize beyond those participating in the study, this is termed _____________ validity.
A) internal       B) external       C) general       D) global

11. When false information is given to the participant to hide the nature or purpose of the study, this is known as ___________.
A) valid       B) reliable       C) ethical       D) unethical

12. ______________ refers to the fact that researchers doing psychological experiments must reveal all known or anticipated risks to potential
participants.
A) Risk aversion       B) Known risk aversion       C) Informed consent       D) Informal consent

13. Stanley Milgram was the _____________ in his studies.
A) confederate       B) participant       C) experimenter       D) sponsor

14. Correlational studies can show ___________.
A) linear relationships       B) cause and effect       C) third variables       D) none of the above.

15. The statistical technique used for combining information from many studies is _______________.
A) meta-grouping       B) meta-reporting       C) meta-analysis       D) none of the above

Chapter 3
1. According to ________, the self develops as children acquire language and start taking the role of the other in their play activities.
A) Wundt       B) Mead       C) James       D) Bem

2. While Mead focused on social, linguistic, and cognitive factors and how the self develops, ______focused on the affective or emotional
aspects of self.
A) Milgram       B) Carver       C) Bem       D) James

3. People direct and control their own behavior through _________.
A) self-regulation       B) self-direction       C) self-concept       D) none of the above

4. Individuals who are more self-conscious in public and more concerned about their physical appearance are more likely to judge others based
upon their __________.
A) abilities       B) intelligence       C) assertiveness       D) none of the above

5. The scandal of Watergate creating a public distrust for politicians is an example of _____________.
A) cultural changes reflecting attitudinal changes       B) attitudinal changes reflecting cultural changes       C) both a and b     D) none of the
above

6. When people become upset or experience negative emotions, they are more likely to act __________to make themselves feel better.
A) more rationally       B) on immediate impulse       C) methodically       D) on the suggestions of others

7. If a culture emphasizes distinctions between women and men, it is encouraging children to learn ______________.
A) parental ideals       B) gender schemas       C) androgynous ideas       D) all of the above

8. Gender socialization in North American culture has been described as fostering the construction of an independent self-concept among
males and a ______________ self-concept among females.
A) relational       B) intergenerational       C) dependent       D) intelligent

9. Which of the following would more likely be a characteristic of an individualistic culture?
A) group harmony       B) self rewards       C) self goals       D) both b and c

10. An example of a behavior that can temporarily reduce negative self-awareness and depression is _____________.
A) drinking       B) binge eating       C) using drugs       D) all of the above

11. It appears that people who are optimistic about their life experience ___________.
A) higher self-esteem       B) lower self-esteem       C) greater economic satisfaction       D) greater material satisfaction

12. The process of seeking out and interpreting situations so as to attain a positive view of one's self is _____________.
A) self-encouragement       B) self-indulgence       C) self-enhancement       D) self-effacement

13. The idea that the need for self-enhancement and the need for self-verification act as checks and balances on one another was introduced by
__________.
A) Epstein and Morling       B) Freud and Jung       C) Bem and Baumeister       D) Fiske and Milburn

14. The "dark side" to high self-esteem is _____________.
A) aggressive behavior when one's favorable self-assessments are challenged
B) allowing people to walk-all-over you because high self-esteem forbids you to challenge others
C) more self-satisfaction and therefore personal stagnation
D) attacks from others who lack self-esteem, which ultimately lowers self-esteem

15. An individual's sense of personal identification with a particular ethnic group is _____________.
A) group-self       B) group-identity       C) ethnic-self       D) none of the above

Chapter 4
1. ___________ is the process through which we begin to understand other persons.
A) self-perception       B) social perception       C) social knowledge       D) social awareness

2. A deliberate effort to shape other people's impressions to achieve specific goals is known as ________________.
A) self-handicapping       B) strategic self-presentation       C) self-efficacy       D) self-masking

3. Sociologist Erving Goffman compared social interactions to a ___________________.
A) 'podium performance'       B) 'social-denial performance'       C) 'theatrical performance'       D) none of the above

4. During a job interview, people are likely to engage in ____________.
A) self-praise tactic       B) self-promotion       C) modesty presentation       D) self-handicapping

5. __________________ would likely result if you were meeting someone for the first time and spilled a drink on them.
A) self-presentation       B) modesty       C) embarrassment       D) all of the above

6. _______________ refers to fact that the information that we receive later in an interaction is likely to contribute more significantly to one's
overall impression than the initial information we receive.
A) primary effect       B) regency effect       C) primacy effect       D) recency effect

7. Nonverbal behavior is communicating feelings and intentions without words. An example would be all of the following, EXCEPT
____________.
A) smiling       B) one's posture       C) waving       D) yelling

8. Meta-analytic studies on nonverbal communication indicate that females are more adept than males in ______________ it.
A) mimicking       B) decoding       C) describing       D) modeling

9. Internal attributions can include ___________.
A) moods       B) effort       C) abilities       D) all of the above

10. A self-presentation strategy in which a person creates obstacles to his or her own performance in order to provide an excuse for failure or to
enhance success is called _______________.
A) self-biasing       B) self-concept       C) self-handicapping       D) self-loathing

11. When we attribute our success to luck, we are making a(n) _______________________.
A) internal attribution       B) irrelevant attribution       C) positive attribution       D) external attribution

12. The tendency that many people have to make internal attributions over external attributions in explaining the behavior of others is called
________________.
A) judgement attributional error       B) knowledge error of attribution       C) attributional bias       D) fundamental attribution error

13. Soloman Asch believed that certain traits exerted a disproportionate influence on people's overall impressions, causing them to assume the
presence of other traits. He called these dominant traits _____________.
A) central traits       B) features traits       C) dependent traits       D) distinctive traits

14. The tendency to assign an external locus of causality for our positive outcomes and an internal locus for our negative outcomes is called
___________.
A) self-serving bias       B) cause and effect error       C) fundamental attribution error       D) self-enhancement bias

15. People seem to be biased toward perceiving others in a __________ light when they learn that someone has ____________ traits.
A) negative; positive       B) positive; negative       C) neutral; positive       D) neutral; negative

Chapter 5
1. Social cognition includes the way in which we ______________ information about the social world.
A) interpret       B) analyze       C) remember       D) all of the above

2. When classifying information, people tend to categorize based on the obvious and common features that objects share. This is known as
_____________.
A) social group       B) classification theory       C) prototype       D) social organization

3. The statement "all men love sports" is an example of a(n) _____________.
A) prototype       B) archetype       C) genotype       D) stereotype

4. The belief that we found a parking space because we were nice to someone earlier in the day is an example of a(n) ____________.
A) illusory correlation       B) delusion       C) hallucination       D) projection

5. An example of a heuristic is _____________.
A) believing that it is dangerous to fly, after hearing about a plane crash
B) thinking that one is protected because s/he has been suffering
C) acting on a tip from a close ally
D) acting on a tip from a stranger

6. Overestimating your ability to have foreseen the outcome of an event after it has already occurred is an example of _____________.
A) overconfidence bias       B) foresight bias       C) lessons learned bias       D) hindsight bias

7. Judgments or decisions that we automatically and unconsciously make are part of ____________.
A) explicit cognition       B) implicit cognition       C) explicit recognition       D) implicit recognition

8. When we assume that everyone shares our own beliefs, attitudes, and opinions, we are acting on a(n) ______________.
A) confirmatory bias       B) bias by illusion       C) false consensus       D) explicit bias

9. Learned helplessness is _____________.
A) learning to ask for help all the time
B) repeatedly experiencing a lack of control and thinking that one has no control
C) self-actualizing your experiences and feeling good about life
D) learning to help others who cannot help themselves

10. According to studies, ________ are judged more frequently by the stereotypes associated with their gender.
A) men       B) women       C) gay men and women       D) sexually ambiguous men and women

11. Imaging alternative versions or outcomes to an event that has occurred is an example of ______________.
A) hindsight bias       B) counterfeit thinking       C) counterfactual thinking       D) cognitive thinking

12. Self-fulfilling prophecy means _____________.
A) expectations about oneself or others leads to the fulfillment of those expectations
B) the ideas about oneself are always positive
C) if we hear or read a prophecy, we are driven to make it come true, even if it is negative
D) the more we are fulfilled, the more we think about ourselves

13. A belief system in which the world is perceived to be a fair and equitable place, with people getting what they deserve is ____________.
A) just-deserving belief       B) just-world belief       C) retribution belief       D) none of the above

14. A habitual tendency to attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global causes, and positive events to external, unstable, and
specific causes is ____________.
A) global explanatory style       B) inside-out explanatory style       C) optimistic explanatory style       D) pessimistic explanatory style

15. _______________ has to do with the degree to which personal characteristics stand out relative to others in a given situation.
A) Self-concept       B) Conceit       C) Salience       D) all of the above

Chapter 6
1. The tendency to develop increasingly positive feelings and feelings of attraction toward individuals the more we see them is known as the
________ effect.
A) mere exposure       B) familiarity       C) frequent encounter       D) none of the above

2. _______________ conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if it is followed by a reinforcer or if it reduces an
aversive stimulus.
A) Classical       B) Aversive       C) Exposure       D) Operant

3. An example of a(n) _____________ norm is an individual's decision not to go to college because of what his or her family members expect
and his or her own motivation to conform to those expectations.
A) affective       B) subjective       C) objective       D) all of the above

4. A person's perceived behavioral control is affected by one's perception of how easy or difficult a task is to perform and one's
_______________ in one's ability to act in a particular way that might accomplish this task.
A) attitude       B) knowledge       C) confidence       D) experience

5. An implicit-based attitude is an attitude that is activated automatically and arises from one's ______________.
A) religion       B) values       C) memory       D) current emotional state

6. _______________________ is a feeling of discomfort that can be caused by hearing or reading information that is inconsistent with one's
attitudes or beliefs.
A) Aversive conditioning       B) Ego-defense functioning       C) Cognitive dissonance       D) none of the above

7. The theory that we often infer our internal states, such as our attitudes, by observing our behavior is __________________.
A) self-perception theory       B) subjective performance theory       C) observation theory       D) perceived behavioral control theory

8. Attitudes can be strengthened or weakened by all of the following, EXCEPT _____________.
A) acquiring more information       B) personal involvement       C) direct experience       D) time of day

9. Attitude theories that emphasize that people develop and change their attitudes based on the degree to which they satisfy different
psychological needs are is an aspect of the _____________.
A) pragmatic approach       B) existential approach       C) mere exposure theory       D) functional approach

10. A problem in predicting behavior from attitudes is ____________.
A) level of specificity       B) time       C) self-awareness       D) all of the above

11. Cognitive consistency entails keeping one's beliefs, attitudes, and self-perceptions organized in way that they are not in ______________
each other.
A) harmony with       B) accord with       C) opposition to       D) all of the above

12. _____________ is likely to result in cognitive dissonance if it is not consistent with one's values or beliefs.
A) cheating on one's income taxes       B) selling one's family's heirlooms       C) having an extra-marital affair       D) all of the above

13. Research suggests that dual and even contradictory attitudes often develop for issues that are ____________.
A) taboo       B) insignificant       C) historical       D) socially sensitive

14. ______________ predicts that people will often cope with specific threats to the integrity of the their self-concept by reminding
themselves of other unrelated but valued aspects of themselves and their beliefs about themselves.
A) self-affirmation theory       B) cognitive dissonance theory       C) implicit attitude theory       D) none of the above

15. The utilitarian function, also known as the ___________________ function or _________________ attitude, presumes a basic need for
self-interest.
A) instrumental; adjustment       B) adjustment; instrumental       C) collective; individualistic       D) none of the above

Chapter 7
1. __________ and __________ effects are factors that can influence a message's persuasiveness.
A) intensity; frequency       B) primary; recency       C) relevance; salience       D) emotional; cognitive

2. __________ is used in approximately 40% of sales advertisements to persuade consumers.
A) responsibility       B) sex       C) humor       D) fear

3. The combination of vivid imagery and _____________ increases the persuasive power of one's message.
A) evidence       B) fear       C) noise       D) stereotypes

4. When an advertisement is repeated so often that people stop liking it, this is an example of the ____________ effect.
A) exposure       B) wearing-off       C) fatigue       D) nausea

5. Persuasion that occurs from a source that is not credible over a period of time is known as the _____________.
A) the mere-exposure effect       B) the sleeper effect       C) the negative attitude effect       D) the noncredibility effect

6. _____________ persons are more effective in changing attitudes of others and have been found to be able to persuade even with a poor
presentation style.
A) Aggressive       B) Humble       C) Attractive       D) Intelligent

7. Insurance agents who conjure up images of fire, floods, and earthquakes to sell their plans are an example in which appealing to a sense of
fear can be ________________ to the desired action.
A) misleading       B) counterproductive       C) productive       D) irresponsible

8. Whether rapid-speech tactics of persuasion benefit or hinder the marketing of a product depends on ________________.
A) the language       B) the inflection of the speaker       C) the status of the commentator       D) the tone of voice

9. Research has found that for a female speaker who is addressing a(n) ___________ audience, it is not enough to be competent to persuade
the audience.
A) largely female       B) equally mixed male and female       C) largely male       D) entirely female

10. People are particularly impressionable and susceptible to persuasion during ___________.
A) middle adulthood       B) later adulthood       C) adolescence       D) all of the above

11. Even when people have good and persuasive messages, they can fail to persuade if they weaken their message by the way they
__________.
A) fidget       B) deliver their message       C) stand and posture and their body       D) all of the above

12. People who are _______ in self-monitoring tend to use social cues to regulate their self-presentation.
A) low       B) high       C) defensive       D) competent

13. If a person is in a ___________ mood, they are most likely to be persuadable.
A) bad       B) neutral       C) positive       D) none of the above

14. People think carefully about a communication and are influenced by the strength of its arguments when they employ ________________.
A) the elaborative route to persuasion       B) the peripheral route to persuasion       C) the central route to persuasion       D) none of the above

15. The need for cognition concept reflects _____________.
A) the need for people to know something about the message being given       B) the need to be engaged in effortful cognitive activities       C) both a and b       D) neither a nor b

Chapter 8
1. Intolerance can be based on ______________.
A) homosexuality       B) being a recent immigrant       C) being catholic       D) all of the above

2. The attitude is to prejudice as the behavior is to ________________.
A) discrimination       B) stereotype       C) dislike       D) prejudgment

3. An example of outgroup homogeneity is _______________.
A) "Babies cry often."       B) "All men are alike."       C) "We are all part of the human species."       D) "We agree on everything, while they
don't agree about anything."

4. ______________ refers to people who are dogmatic and rigid in social attitudes and rear their children very strictly.
A) permissive       B) authoritative       C) authoritarian       D) hostile

5. _____________ prejudice involves unconsciously held negative attitudes toward a group.
A) Subtle       B) Inferior       C) Implicit       D) Explicit

6. Stereotype threat can affect self-esteem, ______________, and ___________.
A) self-worth; self-concept       B) career aspirations; self ideals       C) academic achievement; self-concept       D) all of the above

7. The authoritarian personality has the personality trait characterized by all of the following EXCEPT _________________ .
A) submission to authority       B) rebellion       C) rigid adherence to traditional values       D) prejudice toward outgroups

8. Favoritism toward members of one's group is referred to as ______________.
A) ingroup preference       B) ingroup selection       C) ingroup bias       D) none of the above.

9. Some people do not acknowledge that they have negative feelings and attitudes toward others. This is termed ______________.
A) hidden prejudice       B) blatant prejudice       C) unconscious prejudice       D) latent prejudice

10. _________________ refers to the fact that entire systems can systematically discriminate against certain groups, often because past
prejudice and injustice has become part of the system itself. An example in your text is about real-estate agents showing African American
clients houses located only in Black or racially mixed neighborhoods.
A) Systemic       B) Systematic       C) Institutional       D) Social

11. An attitude toward members of a racial group that includes ________ social values and __________emotions, causing one to avoid
interaction with members of the group, is called aversive racism.
A) non-egalitarian; negative       B) egalitarian; positive       C) non-egalitarian; negative       D) egalitarian; negative

12. People engaging in a _________________ approach to society believe that groups can be organized in a hierarchy in which the dominant
groups enjoy a disproportionate share of the society's assets.
A) authoritarian       B) social dominance       C) autocratic       D) none of the above

13. Ethnocentrism occurs when _____________ increases toward one's outgroups and ___________ increases toward one's ingroup.
A) loyalty; hostility       B) hostility; loyalty       C) hostility; neutrality       D) ambiguity; neutrality

14. One explanation for why stereotypes often survive disconfirming evidence about them is that people create ____________ for individuals
within a stereotyped group who do not match the global stereotype.
A) sub-stereotypes       B) subcategories       C) archetypes       D) mini-types

15. An attitude that serves to discredit a person in the eyes of others is called ___________.
A) subgroups bias       B) stigma       C) discredit bias       D) all of the above

Chapter 9
1. An example of social ______________ is standing and singing the national anthem.
A) influence       B) compliance       C) conformity       D) none of the above

2. Group pressure can cause people to go against what their eyes tell them about social reality, as in Soloman Asch's study where participants
_______________.
A) pass a car when pressured by peers
B) leave a tip for the waiter/waitress because others did
C) incorrectly identify the length of a line
D) change their opinion about the color of the moon after being prodded

3. The ___________ norm is often used as a token to possibly lower resistance of another or to increase their compliance.
A) common influence       B) reciprocity       C) positive return effect       D) peer-pressure

4. If you were asked to put a sign on your lawn by a politician, and later you were asked to campaign for that politician, you would have been
involved in the ______________.
A) secure and influence scam       B) door-in-the-face-technique       C) golden rule technique       D) foot-in-the-door technique

5. The Milgram obedience study indicated that ______________ of the participants obeyed the destructive commands of an authority.
A) one-third       B) two-thirds       C) less than 10%       D) none of the above

6. Normative influence means one will conform or comply because of _____________.
A) good will       B) naivety       C) need to ingratiate themselves       D) a fear of social rejection

7. An adolescent might conform due to all of the following, EXCEPT ____________.
A) peer pressure       B) fear of being excluded from the group       C) rebellion toward parents       D) need for social acceptance

8. Minority influence means __________.
A) a small number of relatively powerless group members can influence the views of the majority
B) majorities can be influenced only by majority members' views
C) small groups within a larger group have the power to only influence themselves
D) dissenting members are likely to conform to the majority's views

9. The guiding principle of _______________is that the interests of the group supercede those of the individual members.
A) individualism       B) collectivism       C) cultism       D) groupthink

10. The work of Natalie Ciarocco and her coworkers found that ______________ someone temporarily depletes the self's resources, making it
more difficult to engage in self-regulation to perform other tasks.
A) ostracizing       B) rewarding       C) stereotyping       D) engaging

11. Not being subject to the control of others is _____________.
A) dependence       B) independence       C) the extrinsic effect       D) none of the above

12. In Schachter's "Johnny Rocco" study, it was demonstrated that __________.
A) cohesive groups will try to persuade nonconformists, rejecting nonconformists if persuasion fails
B) cohesive groups will automatically reject nonconformists from their group
C) religious groups will try to persuade nonconformists to join their group
D) non-cohesive groups will not have not conformists as members in their group

13. Unilateral opposition to social influence is called _______________.
A) non-conformity       B) anticonformity       C) psychological conformity       D) none of the above

14. The door-in-the-face technique is the two-step compliance technique in which, after having a _________ request refused, a
______________ request is made.
A) larger; smaller       B) smaller; larger       C) reasonable; unreasonable       D) monetary; salutary

15. A two-step compliance technique, in which the influencer makes a large request, then immediately offers a discount or bonus before the
initial request is refused, is called _______________.
A) door-in-the-face technique       B) that's-not-all strategy       C) low-ball technique       D) false impression technique

Chapter 10
1. A group is typically comprised of all of the following, EXCEPT____________.
A) people who are independent thinkers       B) people who have emotional ties       C) people who interact on a regular basis       D) people who
are interdependent

2. "Groupiness" is another name for ______________.
A) family ties       B) social cohesiveness       C) group structure       D) clusters

3. Group structure is likely to develop __________ and changes ____________.
A) slowly; quickly       B) quickly; slowly       C) automatically; slowly       D) slowly; automatically

4. According to Robert Balses's work in the 1940s, the principal functions of groups include all of the following,
EXCEPT_________________.
A) accomplish tasks       B) establishing social relationships       C) establishing emotional relationships       D) ensuring economic success

5. The _________________ is the idea that all animals, including humans, are genetically predisposed to become physiologically aroused
when around members of their own species.
A) interspecies explanation       B) cross-species explanation       C) mere-presence explanation       D) None of the above

6. People who act in opposition to their usual behavior because other people are doing something are doing so because of the principle of
_______________.
A) individualization       B) deindividuation       C) irresponsibility       D) individual contagion

7. When group members adopt increasingly extreme positions because their initial views are similar to certain group members and more
dissimilar to other group members, this is known as ________________.
A) member polarization tactic       B) individual enhanced attitudes       C) group polarization       D) north and south gravitation

8. Groupthink can involve all of the following EXCEPT_____________.
A) rejection of alternative viewpoints       B) loss of reality testing       C) increasing conformity of opinions       D) increasing levels of criticism

9. Leadership includes _______________.
A) initiating action       B) giving orders       C) settling disputes between members       D) pulling the group together to accomplish goals       E)
all of the above

10. ____________________ is the leadership style that is more common to women than to men.
A) authoritarian       B) submissive       C) democratic       D) demonstrative

11. According to Joseph Berger's theory, when group members first meet, they do all of the following, EXCEPT_____________.
A) form expectations about each other       B) seek contributions from each other toward the group's goals       C) try to conform to everyone's
views and wishes       D) try to establish common goals

12. Solutions to social dilemmas may be achieved by encouraging the adoption of a group _____________.
A) symbol       B) mascot       C) identity       D) none of the above

13. Interpersonal influence that group members gain by being perceived as having unique qualities and being outside of group norms is known
as having ________________.
A) idiosyncrasy credits       B) authoritarian credits       C) artistic credits       D) bohemian credits

14. In the contingency model of leadership, leadership effectiveness depends on whether leaders are ___________ and
_____________oriented.
A) task; economically       B) relationship; economically       C) task; relationship       D) task; outcome

15. Factors that help to resolve social dilemmas include all of the following, EXCEPT _____________.
A) education       B) promoting cooperative behavior       C) encouraging group discussion       D) punishing group members who are behind the problem

Chapter 11
1. Evolutionary endowment, biological arousability, culture, and gender all influence ______________________.
A) interpersonal attraction       B) affiliation desires       C) social attraction       D) marriage

2. According to __________________ theory, we evaluate our thoughts and actions by comparing them with those of others.
A) human exchange       B) social comparison       C) social exchange       D) self monitoring

3. Physically attractive people are often stereotyped as having ____________qualities.
A) positive       B) negative       C) neutral       D) self-serving

4. Female beauty defined as being heavier than the social norm or average is often found in societies where _____________.
A) food is abundant       B) food is not abundant       C) food is spiritual and part of religious worship       D) vegetarianism is the norm

5. High school students most frequently identify their best friends as those who are similar to them in _______________.
A) age       B) gender       C) race       D) all of the above

6. _________________________ is based on one's concern with or fear of negative interpersonal evaluations.
A) Social diplomacy       B) Social anxiety       C) Social friendship       D) Social exchange theory

7. When physiological symptoms of arousal are switched from the real source to another source, this is __________________.
A) mistaken attribute theory       B) two-factor theory       C) misattribution of arousal       D) bait and switch theory

8. Behavioral training programs attempt to effect the improvement of interpersonal skills in all of the following ways, EXCEPT _____________.
A) modeling       B) role-playing       C) cognitive rehearsal       D) observation

9. The ________________ theory contends that people desire cognitive consistency.
A) ethical-learning       B) balance       C) skills       D) none of the above

10. ______________ is defined as the experience of having a smaller or less satisfying network of social and intimate relationships than we
desire.
A) Social phobia       B) Loneliness       C) Aloneness       D) Isolation

11. "Birds of a feather flock together" is an example of the _____________ hypothesis.
A) attraction       B) relationship       C) matching       D) friendship

12. It is believed that ____________________ can be taught to people who experience loneliness and isolation by behavioral techniques.
A) conversational skills       B) knowledge of social norms       C) social skills       D) all of the above

13. Reciprocal liking means _______________.
A) we like others who like us       B) we like others who say mean things about us       C) liking others is different in different religions       D)
both a and b

14. Different factors influence whether men and women experience loneliness. _________ tend to feel lonely when deprived of group
interaction, whereas _________ are more likely to feel lonely when they lack one-to-one emotional sharing.
A) Women; men       B) Men; women       C) Girls; boys       D) none of the above; there are no gender differences

15. The two-factor theory of emotions involves ______________.
A) physiological arousal       B) cognitive labeling       C) skills and emotional training       D) both a and b

Chapter 12
1. ________________ is multifaceted and entails inclusion of others in one's own self-concept.
A) Intimacy       B) Companionship       C) Comaradarie       D) all of the above

2. Social scientists contend that male friendships are less intimate than female friendships because female traits often involve ______________
and _____________.
A) power; control       B) expressiveness; tenderness       C) power; expressiveness       D) tenderness; control

3. ___________ love is the emotion that people actually feel within their body and involves physiological and even neurological changes.
A) Secure       B) Commitment       C) Passionate       D) Altruistic

4. Robert Sternberg's triadic theory of love includes all of the following EXCEPT________________.
A) passion       B) intimacy       C) attraction       D) commitment

5. The ___________________ refers to the fact that people are most satisfied in a relationship when the ratio between rewards and costs is
similar for both partners.
A) attributional theory       B) personal satisfaction theory       C) social network       D) equity theory

6. The avoidant attachment style is found to be more common in _________________ cultures.
A) collectivist       B) individualist       C) homosexual       D) heterosexual

7. ____________ are more likely to fall in love quickly and out of love more slowly.
A) heterosexual women       B) heterosexual men       C) homosexual men       D) homosexual women

8. Mary Ainsworth's discovery that people differ in their attachment styles and needs includes all of the following EXCEPT __________.
A) secure attachment style       B) avoidant attachment style       C) anxious/ambivalent attachment style       D) dependent attachment style

9. _________________________ is a psychological process in which arousal caused by one stimulus is transferred to another unrelated
object, which is now mistakenly seen as the source of the arousal.
A) Romantic transfer       B) Commitment transfer       C) Excitation transfer       D) Passion transfer

10. Progressively revealing personal information to another person is known as ______________.
A) social revealing       B) self-revealing       C) self-disclosure       D) none of the above

11. In cross-gender friendships, _____________ has been found to be a common obstacle or impediment within these friendships.
A) betrayal       B) sexual tension       C) harassment       D) commitment

12. _______________ is the negative emotional reaction experienced when a relationship that is important to a person's self-concept is
threatened by a real or imagined rival.
A) Clinging       B) Anger       C) Jealousy       D) Dependence

13. Researchers have found that people with low self-esteem tend to constantly seek __________ from loved ones, which can undermine these
relationships in the long term.
A) financial assistance       B) reassurance       C) information       D) all of the above

14. Approximately_____ of the world's adult population is primarily or exclusively attracted to their own sex.
A) 1%       B) 10%       C) 20%       D) 30%

15. The social penetration in the concept that close relationships develop through ________________ self-disclosure.
A) increasing       B) decreasing       C) self-discovered       D) concealed

6. ______________ is the result of an external condition that prevents you from obtaining something that you desire and is likely to increase
levels of aggression.
A) Catharsis       B) Hostility       C) Annoyance       D) Frustration

7. According to Berkowitz's ____________model, when we experience negative affect due to some unpleasant condition, this affect is encoded
into memory and becomes cognitively associated with specific types of negative thoughts, emotions, and reflexive behaviors.
A) negative associationist       B) cognitive perfectionist       C) cognitive-neoassociationist       D) positive associationist

8. Correlational studies have found weapons and alcohol may trigger ___________ in those who are already _______.
A) unhappiness; unhappy       B) aggression; angry       C) anger; intoxicated       D) none of the above

9. Diana Russell defined ______________ as the combination of sexual material with abuse or degradation in a way that appears to endorse or
even encourage similar behavior.
A) pornography       B) catharsis       C) erotica       D) none of the above

10. Research has found that convicted rapists tend to hold the _________ myth, which makes them vulnerable to commit further violence.
A) pornography       B) rape       C) violence       D) bellicosity

11. ___________________, a leading social psychologist, contends that people learn when to aggress, how to aggress, and against whom to
aggress by observing and imitating the behavior of others.
A) Sigmund Freud       B) Albert Bandura       C) John Watson       D) Konrad Lorenz

12. The culture of honor is characterized by a belief and cultural system through which men are socialized to protect their reputation through
_________.
A) violence       B) conversation       C) exploitation       D) respect

13. The neurotransmitter that is most strongly associated with aggressive behavior is ________________ .
A) estrogen       B) dopamine       C) serotonin       D) epinephrine

14. With the aggressive script concept, a guide for behavior is developed and ___________ in memory.
A) lost       B) stored       C) forgotten       D) none of the above

15. One problem in trying to explain aggression in humans as a product of evolution is that levels of aggression vary so widely
______________________.
A) within genders       B) between genders       C) across cultures       D) none of the above

Chapter 14
1. _______________ is an explanation for why our experience of empathy for someone produces the motive to help.
A) Empathy hypothesis       B) Welfare-empathy       C) Empathy-altruism hypothesis       D) Sympathy-Empathy hypothesis

2. People learn prosocial behavior in all of the following ways, EXCEPT________________.
A) by being rewarded       B) through modeling       C) through reinforcement       D) as a result of genetic endowment

3. The negative state relief model suggests that those in a _________ mood may help others in order to lift their own spirits if the perceived
benefits to the self for helping are high and the costs are low.
A) positive       B) negative       C) neutral       D) humorous

4. Research done with twins indicates that individual differences in empathy and personal distress may be due in part to ________ factors.
A) geographic       B) idiographic       C) genetic       D) none of the above

5. Our tendency to help a needy person may be influenced by _____________.
A) empathy       B) shared traits       C) perceived benefits       D) all of the above

6. When it comes to gender differences, women are more willing to provide emotional and social support than men, whereas men are more
willing to help when there is _____________ involved.
A) money       B) danger       C) a co-worker       D) a goal

7. _________________ refers to the tendency to feel less personally responsible when bystanders are present.
A) Presence effect       B) Absence effect       C) Diffusion of responsibility       D) Responsibility shirking

8. Research suggests that _________________ are less willing to help victims of misfortune than are ______________.
A) liberals; conservatives       B) conservatives; liberals       C) libertarians; utilitarians       D) communists; socialists

9. The idea that receiving help may produce inequity and feelings of distress in a relationship suggests that it may also pose a threat to the
recipient's ___________________.
A) self-esteem       B) self-reliance       C) self-concept       D) all of the above

10. The ultimate goal of egoistic helping is to increase ____________________.
A) one's own welfare       B) other people's welfare       C) personal self-esteem       D) the esteem of others

11. The theory that people prefer to help relatives who share their genetic background is known as ____________________.
A) generations selection       B) family ties       C) kin selection       D) germination selection

12. When people believe that if they help someone, bystanders will evaluate them negatively, it is known as ______________ effect.
A) audience enhancement       B) audience inhibition       C) public shame       D) public impact

13. An example of _______________ altruism is, "I'll remove a thorn from your paw today, and you may save me later."
A) helping       B) mutual       C) generous       D) none of the above

14. The ___________________ responsibility states that we should help others who are in need and depend on us.
A) goal of social       B) norm of social       C) average idea of social       D) none of the above

15. In research on helping, ___________ are more likely to receive help than are ____________.
A) gay men; lesbians       B) lesbians; gay men       C) young men; older men       D) older men; young men


		From www.mhhe.com/franzoi4



		These are the Social Psychology weekly multiple choice quizes found on your textbook's web site www.mhhe.com/franzoi4 They are presented here to help you as you read the chapter. You must answer these questions using the above web site and emailing them in to your instructor to get proper credit for your work. Chapter 1 1. The definition of social psychology being "a discipline that uses scientific methods in an attempt to understand and explain how the thought, feeling, and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others," was stated by _____________. A) John Watson B) B.F. Skinner C) Gordon Allport D) Jean Piaget 2. In most cases, our social world beliefs are best characterized as being embedded within a __________________. A) functional psychology B) naïve psychology C) structured psychology D) all of the above 3. The central focus of psychological social psychology tends ______________. A) to be on the larger group. B) to be on the individual and how she or he responds to social situations. C) to explain societal-based problems as poverty, crime, and deviance. D) none of the above 4. Stanley Milgram researched the influence of authority on ______________ and ______________ on theindividual. A) obedience; conformity b. c. d. B) power; deception C) hostility; deceptive D) hostility; conformity 5. ______________ social psychology downplays the importance of individual differences and the effects of immediate social stimuli on behavior. A) Biological B) Psychological C) Anthropological D) Sociological 6. During the time of World War II, Kurt Lewin believed that social psychology could be both a(n) ___________ science and a(n) ____________ science. A) pure; applied B) pure; pragmatic C) pragmatic; applied D) practical; impractical 7. Social psychology largely arose in _________________. A) Canada B) the United States C) Eastern Asia D) Northern Europe 8. Individualism is characterized by ______________. A) the desire to be influenced by others B) tight-knit social relationships C) communal ownership D) none of the above 9. ___________ includes the ideas and thoughts that we have about ourselves with regard to social behavior and our influence over it. A) Self-reward B) Self-concept C) Selfishness D) Self-thought 10. The principle of natural selection within evolutionary theory would conclude that aggressive behaviors have______________. A) been selected by the individual B) little value C) survival value D) caused most of our problems 11. Soloman Asch studied the influence of group behavior and the power of ______________ on individuals and their judgments. A) positive thinking B) obedience C) persuasion D) all of the above 12. Social neuroscience is studying biological factors (neural processes) that influence ______________ behaviors. A) social B) romantic C) aggressive D) social and psychological 13. The first empirical social-psychological study was performed by _________. A) William McDougall B) Soloman Asch C) Norman Triplett D) Stanley Milgram 14. A philosophy of life that stresses the priority of group needs over individual needs is termed ______________. A) individuation B) socialization C) materialization D) collectivism 15. Interactionism studies the combined effects of both the __________ and the _____________ on human behavior. A) situation; context B) situation; philosophy C) situation; person D) prosody; self Chapter 2 1. Scientific inquiry aims to _______________ the forces that shape our physical and social world. A) understand B) predict C) control D) all of the above. 2. Applied research is designed to __________________________________. A) understand the history and systems of psychology B) increase the understanding of and solutions to real-world problems C) gather knowledge about psychological issues D) develop general theories concerning human behavior 3. An organized system of ideas that seeks to explain two or more events is termed a(n) ___________. A) hypothesis B) basic idea C) theory D) implication theory 4. Of the three central research methods (observational, correlational, and experimental), __________________ is the only one that can demonstrate causality. A) observational B) correlational C) experimental D) they all demonstrate cause and effect 5. A statistical measure of the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two variables is called the _____________. A) correlation coefficient B) scientific correlation number C) coefficient of variables D) linear coefficient 6. _____________ is the type of research that utilizes existing records such as marriage certificates and census data to reveal findings. A) archival research B) case study C) survey research D) systematic observation 7. When conducting surveys, representative samples are obtained through __________. A) whatever populations are available B) random selection C) discriminatory selection D) none of the above 8. Polling organizations seek to minimize the amount of sampling _________ to ensure that their findings generalize to the overall population. A) distribution B) discrimination C) error D) randomization 9. If an experimenter seeks to find the effects of sugar on aggressive behavior and manipulates the amount of sugar the participating subjects receive, the sugar is the _____________. A) dependent variable B) independent variable C) correlational variable D) internal variable 10. When the findings of a study generalize beyond those participating in the study, this is termed _____________ validity. A) internal B) external C) general D) global 11. When false information is given to the participant to hide the nature or purpose of the study, this is known as ___________. A) valid B) reliable C) ethical D) unethical 12. ______________ refers to the fact that researchers doing psychological experiments must reveal all known or anticipated risks to potential participants. A) Risk aversion B) Known risk aversion C) Informed consent D) Informal consent 13. Stanley Milgram was the _____________ in his studies. A) confederate B) participant C) experimenter D) sponsor 14. Correlational studies can show ___________. A) linear relationships B) cause and effect C) third variables D) none of the above. 15. The statistical technique used for combining information from many studies is _______________. A) meta-grouping B) meta-reporting C) meta-analysis D) none of the above Chapter 3 1. According to ________, the self develops as children acquire language and start taking the role of the other in their play activities. A) Wundt B) Mead C) James D) Bem 2. While Mead focused on social, linguistic, and cognitive factors and how the self develops, ______focused on the affective or emotional aspects of self. A) Milgram B) Carver C) Bem D) James 3. People direct and control their own behavior through _________. A) self-regulation B) self-direction C) self-concept D) none of the above 4. Individuals who are more self-conscious in public and more concerned about their physical appearance are more likely to judge others based upon their __________. A) abilities B) intelligence C) assertiveness D) none of the above 5. The scandal of Watergate creating a public distrust for politicians is an example of _____________. A) cultural changes reflecting attitudinal changes B) attitudinal changes reflecting cultural changes C) both a and b D) none of the above 6. When people become upset or experience negative emotions, they are more likely to act __________to make themselves feel better. A) more rationally B) on immediate impulse C) methodically D) on the suggestions of others 7. If a culture emphasizes distinctions between women and men, it is encouraging children to learn ______________. A) parental ideals B) gender schemas C) androgynous ideas D) all of the above 8. Gender socialization in North American culture has been described as fostering the construction of an independent self-concept among males and a ______________ self-concept among females. A) relational B) intergenerational C) dependent D) intelligent 9. Which of the following would more likely be a characteristic of an individualistic culture? A) group harmony B) self rewards C) self goals D) both b and c 10. An example of a behavior that can temporarily reduce negative self-awareness and depression is _____________. A) drinking B) binge eating C) using drugs D) all of the above 11. It appears that people who are optimistic about their life experience ___________. A) higher self-esteem B) lower self-esteem C) greater economic satisfaction D) greater material satisfaction 12. The process of seeking out and interpreting situations so as to attain a positive view of one's self is _____________. A) self-encouragement B) self-indulgence C) self-enhancement D) self-effacement 13. The idea that the need for self-enhancement and the need for self-verification act as checks and balances on one another was introduced by __________. A) Epstein and Morling B) Freud and Jung C) Bem and Baumeister D) Fiske and Milburn 14. The "dark side" to high self-esteem is _____________. A) aggressive behavior when one's favorable self-assessments are challenged B) allowing people to walk-all-over you because high self-esteem forbids you to challenge others C) more self-satisfaction and therefore personal stagnation D) attacks from others who lack self-esteem, which ultimately lowers self-esteem 15. An individual's sense of personal identification with a particular ethnic group is _____________. A) group-self B) group-identity C) ethnic-self D) none of the above Chapter 4 1. ___________ is the process through which we begin to understand other persons. A) self-perception B) social perception C) social knowledge D) social awareness 2. A deliberate effort to shape other people's impressions to achieve specific goals is known as ________________. A) self-handicapping B) strategic self-presentation C) self-efficacy D) self-masking 3. Sociologist Erving Goffman compared social interactions to a ___________________. A) 'podium performance' B) 'social-denial performance' C) 'theatrical performance' D) none of the above 4. During a job interview, people are likely to engage in ____________. A) self-praise tactic B) self-promotion C) modesty presentation D) self-handicapping 5. __________________ would likely result if you were meeting someone for the first time and spilled a drink on them. A) self-presentation B) modesty C) embarrassment D) all of the above 6. _______________ refers to fact that the information that we receive later in an interaction is likely to contribute more significantly to one's overall impression than the initial information we receive. A) primary effect B) regency effect C) primacy effect D) recency effect 7. Nonverbal behavior is communicating feelings and intentions without words. An example would be all of the following, EXCEPT ____________. A) smiling B) one's posture C) waving D) yelling 8. Meta-analytic studies on nonverbal communication indicate that females are more adept than males in ______________ it. A) mimicking B) decoding C) describing D) modeling 9. Internal attributions can include ___________. A) moods B) effort C) abilities D) all of the above 10. A self-presentation strategy in which a person creates obstacles to his or her own performance in order to provide an excuse for failure or to enhance success is called _______________. A) self-biasing B) self-concept C) self-handicapping D) self-loathing 11. When we attribute our success to luck, we are making a(n) _______________________. A) internal attribution B) irrelevant attribution C) positive attribution D) external attribution 12. The tendency that many people have to make internal attributions over external attributions in explaining the behavior of others is called ________________. A) judgement attributional error B) knowledge error of attribution C) attributional bias D) fundamental attribution error 13. Soloman Asch believed that certain traits exerted a disproportionate influence on people's overall impressions, causing them to assume the presence of other traits. He called these dominant traits _____________. A) central traits B) features traits C) dependent traits D) distinctive traits 14. The tendency to assign an external locus of causality for our positive outcomes and an internal locus for our negative outcomes is called ___________. A) self-serving bias B) cause and effect error C) fundamental attribution error D) self-enhancement bias 15. People seem to be biased toward perceiving others in a __________ light when they learn that someone has ____________ traits. A) negative; positive B) positive; negative C) neutral; positive D) neutral; negative Chapter 5 1. Social cognition includes the way in which we ______________ information about the social world. A) interpret B) analyze C) remember D) all of the above 2. When classifying information, people tend to categorize based on the obvious and common features that objects share. This is known as _____________. A) social group B) classification theory C) prototype D) social organization 3. The statement "all men love sports" is an example of a(n) _____________. A) prototype B) archetype C) genotype D) stereotype 4. The belief that we found a parking space because we were nice to someone earlier in the day is an example of a(n) ____________. A) illusory correlation B) delusion C) hallucination D) projection 5. An example of a heuristic is _____________. A) believing that it is dangerous to fly, after hearing about a plane crash B) thinking that one is protected because s/he has been suffering C) acting on a tip from a close ally D) acting on a tip from a stranger 6. Overestimating your ability to have foreseen the outcome of an event after it has already occurred is an example of _____________. A) overconfidence bias B) foresight bias C) lessons learned bias D) hindsight bias 7. Judgments or decisions that we automatically and unconsciously make are part of ____________. A) explicit cognition B) implicit cognition C) explicit recognition D) implicit recognition 8. When we assume that everyone shares our own beliefs, attitudes, and opinions, we are acting on a(n) ______________. A) confirmatory bias B) bias by illusion C) false consensus D) explicit bias 9. Learned helplessness is _____________. A) learning to ask for help all the time B) repeatedly experiencing a lack of control and thinking that one has no control C) self-actualizing your experiences and feeling good about life D) learning to help others who cannot help themselves 10. According to studies, ________ are judged more frequently by the stereotypes associated with their gender. A) men B) women C) gay men and women D) sexually ambiguous men and women 11. Imaging alternative versions or outcomes to an event that has occurred is an example of ______________. A) hindsight bias B) counterfeit thinking C) counterfactual thinking D) cognitive thinking 12. Self-fulfilling prophecy means _____________. A) expectations about oneself or others leads to the fulfillment of those expectations B) the ideas about oneself are always positive C) if we hear or read a prophecy, we are driven to make it come true, even if it is negative D) the more we are fulfilled, the more we think about ourselves 13. A belief system in which the world is perceived to be a fair and equitable place, with people getting what they deserve is ____________. A) just-deserving belief B) just-world belief C) retribution belief D) none of the above 14. A habitual tendency to attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global causes, and positive events to external, unstable, and specific causes is ____________. A) global explanatory style B) inside-out explanatory style C) optimistic explanatory style D) pessimistic explanatory style 15. _______________ has to do with the degree to which personal characteristics stand out relative to others in a given situation. A) Self-concept B) Conceit C) Salience D) all of the above Chapter 6 1. The tendency to develop increasingly positive feelings and feelings of attraction toward individuals the more we see them is known as the ________ effect. A) mere exposure B) familiarity C) frequent encounter D) none of the above 2. _______________ conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if it is followed by a reinforcer or if it reduces an aversive stimulus. A) Classical B) Aversive C) Exposure D) Operant 3. An example of a(n) _____________ norm is an individual's decision not to go to college because of what his or her family members expect and his or her own motivation to conform to those expectations. A) affective B) subjective C) objective D) all of the above 4. A person's perceived behavioral control is affected by one's perception of how easy or difficult a task is to perform and one's _______________ in one's ability to act in a particular way that might accomplish this task. A) attitude B) knowledge C) confidence D) experience 5. An implicit-based attitude is an attitude that is activated automatically and arises from one's ______________. A) religion B) values C) memory D) current emotional state 6. _______________________ is a feeling of discomfort that can be caused by hearing or reading information that is inconsistent with one's attitudes or beliefs. A) Aversive conditioning B) Ego-defense functioning C) Cognitive dissonance D) none of the above 7. The theory that we often infer our internal states, such as our attitudes, by observing our behavior is __________________. A) self-perception theory B) subjective performance theory C) observation theory D) perceived behavioral control theory 8. Attitudes can be strengthened or weakened by all of the following, EXCEPT _____________. A) acquiring more information B) personal involvement C) direct experience D) time of day 9. Attitude theories that emphasize that people develop and change their attitudes based on the degree to which they satisfy different psychological needs are is an aspect of the _____________. A) pragmatic approach B) existential approach C) mere exposure theory D) functional approach 10. A problem in predicting behavior from attitudes is ____________. A) level of specificity B) time C) self-awareness D) all of the above 11. Cognitive consistency entails keeping one's beliefs, attitudes, and self-perceptions organized in way that they are not in ______________ each other. A) harmony with B) accord with C) opposition to D) all of the above 12. _____________ is likely to result in cognitive dissonance if it is not consistent with one's values or beliefs. A) cheating on one's income taxes B) selling one's family's heirlooms C) having an extra-marital affair D) all of the above 13. Research suggests that dual and even contradictory attitudes often develop for issues that are ____________. A) taboo B) insignificant C) historical D) socially sensitive 14. ______________ predicts that people will often cope with specific threats to the integrity of the their self-concept by reminding themselves of other unrelated but valued aspects of themselves and their beliefs about themselves. A) self-affirmation theory B) cognitive dissonance theory C) implicit attitude theory D) none of the above 15. The utilitarian function, also known as the ___________________ function or _________________ attitude, presumes a basic need for self-interest. A) instrumental; adjustment B) adjustment; instrumental C) collective; individualistic D) none of the above Chapter 7 1. __________ and __________ effects are factors that can influence a message's persuasiveness. A) intensity; frequency B) primary; recency C) relevance; salience D) emotional; cognitive 2. __________ is used in approximately 40% of sales advertisements to persuade consumers. A) responsibility B) sex C) humor D) fear 3. The combination of vivid imagery and _____________ increases the persuasive power of one's message. A) evidence B) fear C) noise D) stereotypes 4. When an advertisement is repeated so often that people stop liking it, this is an example of the ____________ effect. A) exposure B) wearing-off C) fatigue D) nausea 5. Persuasion that occurs from a source that is not credible over a period of time is known as the _____________. A) the mere-exposure effect B) the sleeper effect C) the negative attitude effect D) the noncredibility effect 6. _____________ persons are more effective in changing attitudes of others and have been found to be able to persuade even with a poor presentation style. A) Aggressive B) Humble C) Attractive D) Intelligent 7. Insurance agents who conjure up images of fire, floods, and earthquakes to sell their plans are an example in which appealing to a sense of fear can be ________________ to the desired action. A) misleading B) counterproductive C) productive D) irresponsible 8. Whether rapid-speech tactics of persuasion benefit or hinder the marketing of a product depends on ________________. A) the language B) the inflection of the speaker C) the status of the commentator D) the tone of voice 9. Research has found that for a female speaker who is addressing a(n) ___________ audience, it is not enough to be competent to persuade the audience. A) largely female B) equally mixed male and female C) largely male D) entirely female 10. People are particularly impressionable and susceptible to persuasion during ___________. A) middle adulthood B) later adulthood C) adolescence D) all of the above 11. Even when people have good and persuasive messages, they can fail to persuade if they weaken their message by the way they __________. A) fidget B) deliver their message C) stand and posture and their body D) all of the above 12. People who are _______ in self-monitoring tend to use social cues to regulate their self-presentation. A) low B) high C) defensive D) competent 13. If a person is in a ___________ mood, they are most likely to be persuadable. A) bad B) neutral C) positive D) none of the above 14. People think carefully about a communication and are influenced by the strength of its arguments when they employ ________________. A) the elaborative route to persuasion B) the peripheral route to persuasion C) the central route to persuasion D) none of the above 15. The need for cognition concept reflects _____________. A) the need for people to know something about the message being given B) the need to be engaged in effortful cognitive activities C) both a and b D) neither a nor b Chapter 8 1. Intolerance can be based on ______________. A) homosexuality B) being a recent immigrant C) being catholic D) all of the above 2. The attitude is to prejudice as the behavior is to ________________. A) discrimination B) stereotype C) dislike D) prejudgment 3. An example of outgroup homogeneity is _______________. A) "Babies cry often." B) "All men are alike." C) "We are all part of the human species." D) "We agree on everything, while they don't agree about anything." 4. ______________ refers to people who are dogmatic and rigid in social attitudes and rear their children very strictly. A) permissive B) authoritative C) authoritarian D) hostile 5. _____________ prejudice involves unconsciously held negative attitudes toward a group. A) Subtle B) Inferior C) Implicit D) Explicit 6. Stereotype threat can affect self-esteem, ______________, and ___________. A) self-worth; self-concept B) career aspirations; self ideals C) academic achievement; self-concept D) all of the above 7. The authoritarian personality has the personality trait characterized by all of the following EXCEPT _________________ . A) submission to authority B) rebellion C) rigid adherence to traditional values D) prejudice toward outgroups 8. Favoritism toward members of one's group is referred to as ______________. A) ingroup preference B) ingroup selection C) ingroup bias D) none of the above. 9. Some people do not acknowledge that they have negative feelings and attitudes toward others. This is termed ______________. A) hidden prejudice B) blatant prejudice C) unconscious prejudice D) latent prejudice 10. _________________ refers to the fact that entire systems can systematically discriminate against certain groups, often because past prejudice and injustice has become part of the system itself. An example in your text is about real-estate agents showing African American clients houses located only in Black or racially mixed neighborhoods. A) Systemic B) Systematic C) Institutional D) Social 11. An attitude toward members of a racial group that includes ________ social values and __________emotions, causing one to avoid interaction with members of the group, is called aversive racism. A) non-egalitarian; negative B) egalitarian; positive C) non-egalitarian; negative D) egalitarian; negative 12. People engaging in a _________________ approach to society believe that groups can be organized in a hierarchy in which the dominant groups enjoy a disproportionate share of the society's assets. A) authoritarian B) social dominance C) autocratic D) none of the above 13. Ethnocentrism occurs when _____________ increases toward one's outgroups and ___________ increases toward one's ingroup. A) loyalty; hostility B) hostility; loyalty C) hostility; neutrality D) ambiguity; neutrality 14. One explanation for why stereotypes often survive disconfirming evidence about them is that people create ____________ for individuals within a stereotyped group who do not match the global stereotype. A) sub-stereotypes B) subcategories C) archetypes D) mini-types 15. An attitude that serves to discredit a person in the eyes of others is called ___________. A) subgroups bias B) stigma C) discredit bias D) all of the above Chapter 9 1. An example of social ______________ is standing and singing the national anthem. A) influence B) compliance C) conformity D) none of the above 2. Group pressure can cause people to go against what their eyes tell them about social reality, as in Soloman Asch's study where participants _______________. A) pass a car when pressured by peers B) leave a tip for the waiter/waitress because others did C) incorrectly identify the length of a line D) change their opinion about the color of the moon after being prodded 3. The ___________ norm is often used as a token to possibly lower resistance of another or to increase their compliance. A) common influence B) reciprocity C) positive return effect D) peer-pressure 4. If you were asked to put a sign on your lawn by a politician, and later you were asked to campaign for that politician, you would have been involved in the ______________. A) secure and influence scam B) door-in-the-face-technique C) golden rule technique D) foot-in-the-door technique 5. The Milgram obedience study indicated that ______________ of the participants obeyed the destructive commands of an authority. A) one-third B) two-thirds C) less than 10% D) none of the above 6. Normative influence means one will conform or comply because of _____________. A) good will B) naivety C) need to ingratiate themselves D) a fear of social rejection 7. An adolescent might conform due to all of the following, EXCEPT ____________. A) peer pressure B) fear of being excluded from the group C) rebellion toward parents D) need for social acceptance 8. Minority influence means __________. A) a small number of relatively powerless group members can influence the views of the majority B) majorities can be influenced only by majority members' views C) small groups within a larger group have the power to only influence themselves D) dissenting members are likely to conform to the majority's views 9. The guiding principle of _______________is that the interests of the group supercede those of the individual members. A) individualism B) collectivism C) cultism D) groupthink 10. The work of Natalie Ciarocco and her coworkers found that ______________ someone temporarily depletes the self's resources, making it more difficult to engage in self-regulation to perform other tasks. A) ostracizing B) rewarding C) stereotyping D) engaging 11. Not being subject to the control of others is _____________. A) dependence B) independence C) the extrinsic effect D) none of the above 12. In Schachter's "Johnny Rocco" study, it was demonstrated that __________. A) cohesive groups will try to persuade nonconformists, rejecting nonconformists if persuasion fails B) cohesive groups will automatically reject nonconformists from their group C) religious groups will try to persuade nonconformists to join their group D) non-cohesive groups will not have not conformists as members in their group 13. Unilateral opposition to social influence is called _______________. A) non-conformity B) anticonformity C) psychological conformity D) none of the above 14. The door-in-the-face technique is the two-step compliance technique in which, after having a _________ request refused, a ______________ request is made. A) larger; smaller B) smaller; larger C) reasonable; unreasonable D) monetary; salutary 15. A two-step compliance technique, in which the influencer makes a large request, then immediately offers a discount or bonus before the initial request is refused, is called _______________. A) door-in-the-face technique B) that's-not-all strategy C) low-ball technique D) false impression technique Chapter 10 1. A group is typically comprised of all of the following, EXCEPT____________. A) people who are independent thinkers B) people who have emotional ties C) people who interact on a regular basis D) people who are interdependent 2. "Groupiness" is another name for ______________. A) family ties B) social cohesiveness C) group structure D) clusters 3. Group structure is likely to develop __________ and changes ____________. A) slowly; quickly B) quickly; slowly C) automatically; slowly D) slowly; automatically 4. According to Robert Balses's work in the 1940s, the principal functions of groups include all of the following, EXCEPT_________________. A) accomplish tasks B) establishing social relationships C) establishing emotional relationships D) ensuring economic success 5. The _________________ is the idea that all animals, including humans, are genetically predisposed to become physiologically aroused when around members of their own species. A) interspecies explanation B) cross-species explanation C) mere-presence explanation D) None of the above 6. People who act in opposition to their usual behavior because other people are doing something are doing so because of the principle of _______________. A) individualization B) deindividuation C) irresponsibility D) individual contagion 7. When group members adopt increasingly extreme positions because their initial views are similar to certain group members and more dissimilar to other group members, this is known as ________________. A) member polarization tactic B) individual enhanced attitudes C) group polarization D) north and south gravitation 8. Groupthink can involve all of the following EXCEPT_____________. A) rejection of alternative viewpoints B) loss of reality testing C) increasing conformity of opinions D) increasing levels of criticism 9. Leadership includes _______________. A) initiating action B) giving orders C) settling disputes between members D) pulling the group together to accomplish goals E) all of the above 10. ____________________ is the leadership style that is more common to women than to men. A) authoritarian B) submissive C) democratic D) demonstrative 11. According to Joseph Berger's theory, when group members first meet, they do all of the following, EXCEPT_____________. A) form expectations about each other B) seek contributions from each other toward the group's goals C) try to conform to everyone's views and wishes D) try to establish common goals 12. Solutions to social dilemmas may be achieved by encouraging the adoption of a group _____________. A) symbol B) mascot C) identity D) none of the above 13. Interpersonal influence that group members gain by being perceived as having unique qualities and being outside of group norms is known as having ________________. A) idiosyncrasy credits B) authoritarian credits C) artistic credits D) bohemian credits 14. In the contingency model of leadership, leadership effectiveness depends on whether leaders are ___________ and _____________oriented. A) task; economically B) relationship; economically C) task; relationship D) task; outcome 15. Factors that help to resolve social dilemmas include all of the following, EXCEPT _____________. A) education B) promoting cooperative behavior C) encouraging group discussion D) punishing group members who are behind the problem Chapter 11 1. Evolutionary endowment, biological arousability, culture, and gender all influence ______________________. A) interpersonal attraction B) affiliation desires C) social attraction D) marriage 2. According to __________________ theory, we evaluate our thoughts and actions by comparing them with those of others. A) human exchange B) social comparison C) social exchange D) self monitoring 3. Physically attractive people are often stereotyped as having ____________qualities. A) positive B) negative C) neutral D) self-serving 4. Female beauty defined as being heavier than the social norm or average is often found in societies where _____________. A) food is abundant B) food is not abundant C) food is spiritual and part of religious worship D) vegetarianism is the norm 5. High school students most frequently identify their best friends as those who are similar to them in _______________. A) age B) gender C) race D) all of the above 6. _________________________ is based on one's concern with or fear of negative interpersonal evaluations. A) Social diplomacy B) Social anxiety C) Social friendship D) Social exchange theory 7. When physiological symptoms of arousal are switched from the real source to another source, this is __________________. A) mistaken attribute theory B) two-factor theory C) misattribution of arousal D) bait and switch theory 8. Behavioral training programs attempt to effect the improvement of interpersonal skills in all of the following ways, EXCEPT _____________. A) modeling B) role-playing C) cognitive rehearsal D) observation 9. The ________________ theory contends that people desire cognitive consistency. A) ethical-learning B) balance C) skills D) none of the above 10. ______________ is defined as the experience of having a smaller or less satisfying network of social and intimate relationships than we desire. A) Social phobia B) Loneliness C) Aloneness D) Isolation 11. "Birds of a feather flock together" is an example of the _____________ hypothesis. A) attraction B) relationship C) matching D) friendship 12. It is believed that ____________________ can be taught to people who experience loneliness and isolation by behavioral techniques. A) conversational skills B) knowledge of social norms C) social skills D) all of the above 13. Reciprocal liking means _______________. A) we like others who like us B) we like others who say mean things about us C) liking others is different in different religions D) both a and b 14. Different factors influence whether men and women experience loneliness. _________ tend to feel lonely when deprived of group interaction, whereas _________ are more likely to feel lonely when they lack one-to-one emotional sharing. A) Women; men B) Men; women C) Girls; boys D) none of the above; there are no gender differences 15. The two-factor theory of emotions involves ______________. A) physiological arousal B) cognitive labeling C) skills and emotional training D) both a and b Chapter 12 1. ________________ is multifaceted and entails inclusion of others in one's own self-concept. A) Intimacy B) Companionship C) Comaradarie D) all of the above 2. Social scientists contend that male friendships are less intimate than female friendships because female traits often involve ______________ and _____________. A) power; control B) expressiveness; tenderness C) power; expressiveness D) tenderness; control 3. ___________ love is the emotion that people actually feel within their body and involves physiological and even neurological changes. A) Secure B) Commitment C) Passionate D) Altruistic 4. Robert Sternberg's triadic theory of love includes all of the following EXCEPT________________. A) passion B) intimacy C) attraction D) commitment 5. The ___________________ refers to the fact that people are most satisfied in a relationship when the ratio between rewards and costs is similar for both partners. A) attributional theory B) personal satisfaction theory C) social network D) equity theory 6. The avoidant attachment style is found to be more common in _________________ cultures. A) collectivist B) individualist C) homosexual D) heterosexual 7. ____________ are more likely to fall in love quickly and out of love more slowly. A) heterosexual women B) heterosexual men C) homosexual men D) homosexual women 8. Mary Ainsworth's discovery that people differ in their attachment styles and needs includes all of the following EXCEPT __________. A) secure attachment style B) avoidant attachment style C) anxious/ambivalent attachment style D) dependent attachment style 9. _________________________ is a psychological process in which arousal caused by one stimulus is transferred to another unrelated object, which is now mistakenly seen as the source of the arousal. A) Romantic transfer B) Commitment transfer C) Excitation transfer D) Passion transfer 10. Progressively revealing personal information to another person is known as ______________. A) social revealing B) self-revealing C) self-disclosure D) none of the above 11. In cross-gender friendships, _____________ has been found to be a common obstacle or impediment within these friendships. A) betrayal B) sexual tension C) harassment D) commitment 12. _______________ is the negative emotional reaction experienced when a relationship that is important to a person's self-concept is threatened by a real or imagined rival. A) Clinging B) Anger C) Jealousy D) Dependence 13. Researchers have found that people with low self-esteem tend to constantly seek __________ from loved ones, which can undermine these relationships in the long term. A) financial assistance B) reassurance C) information D) all of the above 14. Approximately_____ of the world's adult population is primarily or exclusively attracted to their own sex. A) 1% B) 10% C) 20% D) 30% 15. The social penetration in the concept that close relationships develop through ________________ self-disclosure. A) increasing B) decreasing C) self-discovered D) concealed Chapter 13 1. When one intentionally uses violence or aggression to achieve a goal, this is known as _________________ aggression. A) harmful B) instrumental C) intentional D) violent 2. All of the following personality traits are related to aggression EXCEPT _____________. A) emotional susceptibility B) irritability C) irrationality D) rumination 3. All of the following are considered to be natural factors that influence aggression, EXCEPT ______________. A) hormones B) inheritability C) testosterone D) childhood punishment 4. ________________ is thought to reduce an aggressive drive by committing an aggressive act. A) Frustration B) Enactment C) Catharsis D) Enhancement 5. __________ are most likely to be killed in violent assaults. A) members of minority groups B) men C) the young D) women 6. ______________ is the result of an external condition that prevents you from obtaining something that you desire and is likely to increase levels of aggression. A) Catharsis B) Hostility C) Annoyance D) Frustration 7. According to Berkowitz's ____________model, when we experience negative affect due to some unpleasant condition, this affect is encoded into memory and becomes cognitively associated with specific types of negative thoughts, emotions, and reflexive behaviors. A) negative associationist B) cognitive perfectionist C) cognitive-neoassociationist D) positive associationist 8. Correlational studies have found weapons and alcohol may trigger ___________ in those who are already _______. A) unhappiness; unhappy B) aggression; angry C) anger; intoxicated D) none of the above 9. Diana Russell defined ______________ as the combination of sexual material with abuse or degradation in a way that appears to endorse or even encourage similar behavior. A) pornography B) catharsis C) erotica D) none of the above 10. Research has found that convicted rapists tend to hold the _________ myth, which makes them vulnerable to commit further violence. A) pornography B) rape C) violence D) bellicosity 11. ___________________, a leading social psychologist, contends that people learn when to aggress, how to aggress, and against whom to aggress by observing and imitating the behavior of others. A) Sigmund Freud B) Albert Bandura C) John Watson D) Konrad Lorenz 12. The culture of honor is characterized by a belief and cultural system through which men are socialized to protect their reputation through _________. A) violence B) conversation C) exploitation D) respect 13. The neurotransmitter that is most strongly associated with aggressive behavior is ________________ . A) estrogen B) dopamine C) serotonin D) epinephrine 14. With the aggressive script concept, a guide for behavior is developed and ___________ in memory. A) lost B) stored C) forgotten D) none of the above 15. One problem in trying to explain aggression in humans as a product of evolution is that levels of aggression vary so widely ______________________. A) within genders B) between genders C) across cultures D) none of the above Chapter 14 1. _______________ is an explanation for why our experience of empathy for someone produces the motive to help. A) Empathy hypothesis B) Welfare-empathy C) Empathy-altruism hypothesis D) Sympathy-Empathy hypothesis 2. People learn prosocial behavior in all of the following ways, EXCEPT________________. A) by being rewarded B) through modeling C) through reinforcement D) as a result of genetic endowment 3. The negative state relief model suggests that those in a _________ mood may help others in order to lift their own spirits if the perceived benefits to the self for helping are high and the costs are low. A) positive B) negative C) neutral D) humorous 4. Research done with twins indicates that individual differences in empathy and personal distress may be due in part to ________ factors. A) geographic B) idiographic C) genetic D) none of the above 5. Our tendency to help a needy person may be influenced by _____________. A) empathy B) shared traits C) perceived benefits D) all of the above 6. When it comes to gender differences, women are more willing to provide emotional and social support than men, whereas men are more willing to help when there is _____________ involved. A) money B) danger C) a co-worker D) a goal 7. _________________ refers to the tendency to feel less personally responsible when bystanders are present. A) Presence effect B) Absence effect C) Diffusion of responsibility D) Responsibility shirking 8. Research suggests that _________________ are less willing to help victims of misfortune than are ______________. A) liberals; conservatives B) conservatives; liberals C) libertarians; utilitarians D) communists; socialists 9. The idea that receiving help may produce inequity and feelings of distress in a relationship suggests that it may also pose a threat to the recipient's ___________________. A) self-esteem B) self-reliance C) self-concept D) all of the above 10. The ultimate goal of egoistic helping is to increase ____________________. A) one's own welfare B) other people's welfare C) personal self-esteem D) the esteem of others 11. The theory that people prefer to help relatives who share their genetic background is known as ____________________. A) generations selection B) family ties C) kin selection D) germination selection 12. When people believe that if they help someone, bystanders will evaluate them negatively, it is known as ______________ effect. A) audience enhancement B) audience inhibition C) public shame D) public impact 13. An example of _______________ altruism is, "I'll remove a thorn from your paw today, and you may save me later." A) helping B) mutual C) generous D) none of the above 14. The ___________________ responsibility states that we should help others who are in need and depend on us. A) goal of social B) norm of social C) average idea of social D) none of the above 15. In research on helping, ___________ are more likely to receive help than are ____________. A) gay men; lesbians B) lesbians; gay men C) young men; older men D) older men; young men



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				*Former SLCC Students to Review* *Soc Psych Weekly Quiz*



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